PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

LOGIC HANDOUT #1

PREMISE INDICATORS:

SINCE

AS INDICATED BY

BECAUSE

THE REASON IS THAT

FOR

FOR THE REASON THAT

ON THE GROUND THAT

MAY BE INFERRED FROM

INASMUCH AS

MAY BE DERIVED FROM

AS

MAY BE DEDUCED FROM

FOLLOWS FROM

IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT

AS SHOWN BY

CONCLUSION INDICATORS:

THEREFORE

HENCE

CONSEQUENTLY

IT FOLLOWS THAT

THUS

SO

WE MAY INFER THAT

WE MAY CONCLUDE THAT

ACCORDINGLY

IN CONSEQUENCE

PROVES THAT

AS A RESULT

I CONCLUDE THAT

WHICH SHOWS THAT

WHICH MEANS THAT

WHICH ENTAILS THAT

WHICH IMPLIES THAT

WHICH ALLOWS US TO INFER

KINDS OF ARGUMENTS:

1. DEDUCTIVE

2. INDUCTIVE

EVALUATING ARGUMENTS:

1. TRUTH

2. VALIDITY

3. SOUNDNESS

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

LOGIC HANDOUT #2

INFORMAL FALLACIES

I. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY

1. EQUIVOCATION

2. DIVISION

3. COMPOSITION

II. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION

1. SWEEPING GENERALIZATION

2. HASTY GENERALIZATION

3. BIFURCATION

4. BEGGING THE QUESTION

5. FALSE ANALOGY

6. FALSE CAUSE

7. IRRELEVANT THESIS

III. FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE

1. PERSONAL ATTACK/AD HOMINEM

2. APPEAL TO PITY

3. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

4. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE

5. APPEAL TO FEAR/FORCE

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

LOGIC HANDOUT #3

IDENTIFY THE PREMISE(S) & CONCLUSION(S)

1. Since all rational beings are responsible for their actions, and since all human beings are rational, it follows that all human beings are responsible for their actions.

2. Jones does not attend church, for he is an atheist and atheists do not attend church.

3. Dropping the bomb on Hiroshima caused great suffering. We ought not to have done it.

4. Smith ought to exercise more. It would be good for his condition.

5. Tom must have left already. He does not answer his phone.

6. There are no foxes in this area. We have not seen one all day.

7. The investigation of supernatural phenomena lies outside the realm of science. Therefore, science can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God.

8. It is difficult to gauge the pain felt by animals, because pain is subjective and animals cannot talk.

9. Do not judge, for we are all sinners.

10. Since all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, we may infer that Socrates is mortal.

11. Since you went away, it's been raining all the time.

12. Since you went to law school, your income is probably very high.

13. Pleasure is good, since it is sought by everyone.

14. Nothing intelligible puzzles me, but logic puzzles me.

15. The energy-crisis, being man-made, can be man-solved.

16. The speaker criticizes free enterprise; he must be a communist.

17. Because only those who can quote large chunks of the material can pass a test on it, it is useless for me to try, for I know hardly any of it.

18. It must be going to snow in view of the fact that my knees ache.

19. The UST women's basketball team is successful because it has great players and a wise coach.

20. Only the best are national champions, and Notre Dame is the best--so you know what that means!

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

LOGIC HANDOUT #4

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING INFORMAL FALLACIES

1. Miracles are impossible because they cannot happen.

2. Everything that runs has feet. My nose runs. Therefore my nose has feet.

3. Belief in life after death is universal because everyone believes in life after death.

4. It must be true. My mother told me.

5. No scandal has ever touched the senator. Therefore he must be honest.

6. I can't break this bundle of sticks, therefore I can't break any one of them.

7. TV can't be harmful to children, because it keeps them busy and off the streets.

8. The end of a thing is its perfection; death is the end of life; death is, therefore, the perfection of life.

9. If you can tie a knot, you can make a beautiful deep pile rug.

10. The jury's verdict was just and reasonable. Mr. Jones was a member of the jury. So, Mr. Jones is just and reasonable.

11. Things are either black or white.

12. My husband was a jerk. From that I learned that all men are jerks.

13. Since a modicum of alcohol is good for your health, I guess my pregnant wife will have a beer!

14. Student governments are mistakes. Look what happens in homes where parents let children run things their own way.

15. Your wedding must have worried your mother. Her hair turned white shortly after the ceremony.

16. You are either for me or against me.

17. He should not be our leader. He is too ugly.

18. You would say that, you're from the East Coast.

19. I'm a pepper. He's a pepper. She's a pepper. You should be a pepper too!

20. If you do not give me an A+ in this course, then my GPA won't be high enough for the Dean's List (sniffle, sniffle).

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

LOGIC HANDOUT #5

KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS

1. ARGUMENT

2. PREMISE

3. CONCLUSION

4. PROPOSITION/STATEMENT

5. SENTENCE

6. INFERENCE

7. TRUTH

8. VALIDITY

9. VALID/INVALID

10. SOUNDNESS

11. SOUND/UNSOUND

12. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

13. WEAK INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

14. STRONG INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

15. SYLLOGISM

16. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM

17. ANTECEDENT

18. CONSEQUENT

19. MODUS PONENS (MP)

20. MODUS TOLLENS (MT)

21. PURE HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM

22. AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT (AC)

23. DENYING THE ANTECEDENT (DA)

24. DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM

25. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

26. BARBARA

27. BARBARA-TYPE

28. MIDDLE TERM

29. FALLACIES

30. FORMAL FALLACIES

31. INFORMAL FALLACIES

32. VAGUENESS vs AMBIGUITY

33. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY

34. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION

35. FALLACIES OF (IR)RELEVANCE